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trunk/workshop-routing-foss4g/chapters/shortest_path.rst
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Plus courts chemins
pgRouting été initialement appelé pgDijkstra, puisque il implémentait seulement la recherche de plus court chemin à l'aide de l'agorithme de Dijkstra. Plus tard, d'uatres fonctions se sont ajoutées et la bibliotÚque fut renommée.
Ce chapitre explique les trois différents algorithmes et les attributs nécessaires.
Note
Si vous lancez l'outils :doc:`osm2pgrouting <osm2pgrouting>` pour importer des données OpenStreetMap, la table des chemins (ways) contient déjà tout les attributs nécessaires pour utiliser les fonctions de recherche de plus court chemins. Au contraire, la table ways de la base de données pgrouting-workshop du :doc:`chapitre précédent <topology>` manque d'un certain nombre d'attributs, qui sont présentés dans ce chapitre dans les Prérequis.
Dijkstra
L'algorithme de Dijkstraa été la premiÚre implémentation disponible dans pgRouting. Il ne nécessite pas d'autre attributs que les champs source et target, les attributs id et cost. Il peut être utilisé sur des graphes orientés ou non. Vous pouvez spécifier que votre réseau à un coût de parcours inverse (reverse cost) ou non.
Prérequis
Pour être en mesure d'utiliser un coût de parcuors invers, vous devez ajouter une colonne de coût. Nous pouvons affecter la longuer au coût de parcours inverse.
ALTER TABLE ways ADD COLUMN reverse_cost double precision; UPDATE ways SET reverse_cost = length;
Fonction avec paramÚtres
shortest_path( sql text, source_id integer, target_id integer, directed boolean, has_reverse_cost boolean )
Note
- Les identifiant pour source et target sont les identifiant des noeuds.
- Graphes non-orientés ("directed=false") implique que le paramÚtre "has_reverse_cost" est ignoré
Bases
Chaque algorithme a une fonction de base.
SELECT * FROM shortest_path(' SELECT gid as id, source::integer, target::integer, length::double precision as cost FROM ways', 5700, 6733, false, false);
vertex_id | edge_id | cost -----------+---------+--------------------- 5700 | 6585 | 0.175725539559539 5701 | 18947 | 0.178145491343884 2633 | 18948 | 0.177501253416424 ... | ... | ... 6733 | -1 | 0 (38 rows)
Wrapper
Wrapper WITHOUT bounding box
Wrapper functions extend the core functions with transformations, bounding box limitations, etc.. Wrappers can change the format and ordering of the result. They often set default function parameters and make the usage of pgRouting more simple.
SELECT gid, AsText(the_geom) AS the_geom FROM dijkstra_sp('ways', 5700, 6733);
gid | the_geom --------+--------------------------------------------------------------- 5534 | MULTILINESTRING((-104.9993415 39.7423284, ... ,-104.9999815 39.7444843)) 5535 | MULTILINESTRING((-104.9999815 39.7444843, ... ,-105.0001355 39.7457581)) 5536 | MULTILINESTRING((-105.0001355 39.7457581,-105.0002133 39.7459024)) ... | ... 19914 | MULTILINESTRING((-104.9981408 39.7320938,-104.9981194 39.7305074)) (37 rows)
Note
It's possible to show the route in QGIS. It works for shortest path queries that return a geometry column.
- Create a database connection and add the "ways" table as a background layer.
- Add another layer of the "ways" table but select Build query before adding it.
- Type "gid" IN ( SELECT gid FROM dijkstra_sp('ways',5700,6733)) into the SQL where clause field.
SQL query can be also selected from the layer context menu.
Wrapper WITH bounding box
You can limit your search area by adding a bounding box. This will improve performance especially for large networks.
SELECT gid, AsText(the_geom) AS the_geom FROM dijkstra_sp_delta('ways', 5700, 6733, 0.1);
gid | the_geom --------+--------------------------------------------------------------- 5534 | MULTILINESTRING((-104.9993415 39.7423284, ... ,-104.9999815 39.7444843)) 5535 | MULTILINESTRING((-104.9999815 39.7444843, ... ,-105.0001355 39.7457581)) 5536 | MULTILINESTRING((-105.0001355 39.7457581,-105.0002133 39.7459024)) ... | ... 19914 | MULTILINESTRING((-104.9981408 39.7320938,-104.9981194 39.7305074)) (37 rows)
Note
The projection of OSM data is "degree", so we set a bounding box containing start and end vertex plus a 0.1 degree buffer for example.
A-Star
A-Star algorithm is another well-known routing algorithm. It adds geographical information to source and target of each network link. This enables the shortest path search to prefer links which are closer to the target of the search.
Prerequisites
For A-Star you need to prepare your network table and add latitute/longitude columns (x1, y1 and x2, y2) and calculate their values.
ALTER TABLE ways ADD COLUMN x1 double precision; ALTER TABLE ways ADD COLUMN y1 double precision; ALTER TABLE ways ADD COLUMN x2 double precision; ALTER TABLE ways ADD COLUMN y2 double precision; UPDATE ways SET x1 = x(ST_startpoint(the_geom)); UPDATE ways SET y1 = y(ST_startpoint(the_geom)); UPDATE ways SET x2 = x(ST_endpoint(the_geom)); UPDATE ways SET y2 = y(ST_endpoint(the_geom)); UPDATE ways SET x1 = x(ST_PointN(the_geom, 1)); UPDATE ways SET y1 = y(ST_PointN(the_geom, 1)); UPDATE ways SET x2 = x(ST_PointN(the_geom, ST_NumPoints(the_geom))); UPDATE ways SET y2 = y(ST_PointN(the_geom, ST_NumPoints(the_geom)));
Note
endpoint() function fails for some versions of PostgreSQL (ie. 8.2.5, 8.1.9). A workaround for that problem is using the PointN() function instead:
Function with parameters
Shortest Path A-Star function is very similar to the Dijkstra function, though it prefers links that are close to the target of the search. The heuristics of this search are predefined, so you need to recompile pgRouting if you want to make changes to the heuristic function itself.
shortest_path_astar( sql text, source_id integer, target_id integer, directed boolean, has_reverse_cost boolean )
Note
- Source and target IDs are vertex IDs.
- Undirected graphs ("directed false") ignore "has_reverse_cost" setting
Core
SELECT * FROM shortest_path_astar(' SELECT gid as id, source::integer, target::integer, length::double precision as cost, x1, y1, x2, y2 FROM ways', 5700, 6733, false, false);
vertex_id | edge_id | cost -----------+---------+--------------------- 5700 | 6585 | 0.175725539559539 5701 | 18947 | 0.178145491343884 2633 | 18948 | 0.177501253416424 ... | ... | ... 6733 | -1 | 0 (38 rows)
Wrapper
Wrapper function WITH bounding box
Wrapper functions extend the core functions with transformations, bounding box limitations, etc..
SELECT gid, AsText(the_geom) AS the_geom FROM astar_sp_delta('ways', 5700, 6733, 0.1);
gid | the_geom --------+--------------------------------------------------------------- 5534 | MULTILINESTRING((-104.9993415 39.7423284, ... ,-104.9999815 39.7444843)) 5535 | MULTILINESTRING((-104.9999815 39.7444843, ... ,-105.0001355 39.7457581)) 5536 | MULTILINESTRING((-105.0001355 39.7457581,-105.0002133 39.7459024)) ... | ... 19914 | MULTILINESTRING((-104.9981408 39.7320938,-104.9981194 39.7305074)) (37 rows)
Note
- There is currently no wrapper function for A-Star without bounding box, since bounding boxes are very useful to increase performance. If you don't need a bounding box Dijkstra will be enough anyway.
- The projection of OSM data is "degree", so we set a bounding box containing start and end vertex plus a 0.1 degree buffer for example.
Shooting-Star
Shooting-Star algorithm is the latest of pgRouting shortest path algorithms. Its speciality is that it routes from link to link, not from vertex to vertex as Dijkstra and A-Star algorithms do. This makes it possible to define relations between links for example, and it solves some other vertex-based algorithm issues like "parallel links", which have same source and target but different costs.
Prerequisites
For Shooting-Star you need to prepare your network table and add the rule and to_cost column. Like A-Star this algorithm also has a heuristic function, which prefers links closer to the target of the search.
-- Add rule and to_cost column ALTER TABLE ways ADD COLUMN to_cost double precision; ALTER TABLE ways ADD COLUMN rule text;
Shooting-Star algorithm introduces two new attributes
| Attribute | Description |
| rule | a string with a comma separated list of edge IDs, which describes a rule for turning restriction (if you came along these edges, you can pass through the current one only with the cost stated in to_cost column) |
| to_cost | a cost of a restricted passage (can be very high in a case of turn restriction or comparable with an edge cost in a case of traffic light) |
Function with parameters
shortest_path_shooting_star( sql text, source_id integer, target_id integer, directed boolean, has_reverse_cost boolean )
Note
- Source and target IDs are link IDs.
- Undirected graphs ("directed false") ignores "has_reverse_cost" setting
To describe turn restrictions:
gid | source | target | cost | x1 | y1 | x2 | y2 | to_cost | rule -----+--------+--------+------+----+----+----+----+---------+------ 12 | 3 | 10 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 1000 | 14
... means that the cost of going from edge 14 to edge 12 is 1000, and
gid | source | target | cost | x1 | y1 | x2 | y2 | to_cost | rule -----+--------+--------+------+----+----+----+----+---------+------ 12 | 3 | 10 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 1000 | 14, 4
... means that the cost of going from edge 14 to edge 12 through edge 4 is 1000.
If you need multiple restrictions for a given edge then you have to add multiple records for that edge each with a separate restriction.
gid | source | target | cost | x1 | y1 | x2 | y2 | to_cost | rule -----+--------+--------+------+----+----+----+----+---------+------ 11 | 3 | 10 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 1000 | 4 11 | 3 | 10 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 1000 | 12
... means that the cost of going from either edge 4 or 12 to edge 11 is 1000. And then you always need to order your data by gid when you load it to a shortest path function..
Core
An example of a Shooting Star query may look like this:
SELECT * FROM shortest_path_shooting_star(' SELECT gid as id, source::integer, target::integer, length::double precision as cost, x1, y1, x2, y2, rule, to_cost FROM ways', 6585, 8247, false, false);
vertex_id | edge_id | cost -----------+---------+--------------------- 15007 | 6585 | 0.175725539559539 15009 | 18947 | 0.178145491343884 9254 | 18948 | 0.177501253416424 ... | ... | ... 1161 | 8247 | 0.051155648874288 (37 rows)
Warning
Shooting Star algorithm calculates a path from edge to edge (not from vertex to vertex). Column vertex_id contains start vertex of an edge from column edge_id.
Wrapper
Wrapper functions extend the core functions with transformations, bounding box limitations, etc..
SELECT gid, AsText(the_geom) AS the_geom FROM shootingstar_sp('ways', 6585, 8247, 0.1, 'length', true, true);
gid | the_geom --------+--------------------------------------------------------------- 6585 | MULTILINESTRING((-104.9975345 39.7193508,-104.9975487 39.7209311)) 18947 | MULTILINESTRING((-104.9975487 39.7209311,-104.9975509 39.7225332)) 18948 | MULTILINESTRING((-104.9975509 39.7225332,-104.9975447 39.7241295)) ... | ... 8247 | MULTILINESTRING((-104.9978555 39.7495627,-104.9982781 39.7498884)) (37 rows)
Note
There is currently no wrapper function for Shooting-Star without bounding box, since bounding boxes are very useful to increase performance.
Warning
The projection of OSM data is "degree", so we set a bounding box containing start and end vertex plus a 0.1 degree buffer for example.
